Abstract

Fluoride contamination in drinking water is a critical public health issue, particularly in regions like Bihar, India, where millions rely on groundwater with excessive fluoride concentrations. While fluoride at low levels (0.5–1.5 mg/L) is beneficial for dental health, excessive intake leads to severe health conditions such as dental and skeletal fluorosis, thyroid dysfunction, and impaired neurological development. Conventional fluoride removal methods, such as adsorption, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange, are often limited by high costs, waste generation, and energy requirements. This study explores the potential of electrochemical methods, particularly electrocoagulation and electrodialysis, as sustainable and cost-effective alternatives for fluoride removal. Electrochemical methods offer several advantages, including high removal efficiency, reduced chemical usage, minimal waste generation, and adaptability to rural and off-grid areas through integration with renewable energy sources like solar power. Pilot studies in Bihar demonstrated significant fluoride reduction, with electrocoagulation systems reducing levels from 5 mg/L to below 1 mg/L and electrodialysis achieving 90% removal efficiency in groundwater treatment plants. Despite their promise, challenges such as electrode corrosion, membrane fouling, and scale-up limitations persist, necessitating further research into advanced materials and hybrid treatment systems. This study also highlights the importance of policy interventions and community engagement for successful implementation. Government subsidies, pilot projects, and awareness campaigns are essential to ensure widespread adoption of these technologies. By addressing technical challenges and fostering collaborative efforts, electrochemical methods can provide a scalable and sustainable solution to fluoride contamination, improving water quality and public health outcomes in Bihar and beyond. This work underscores the need for continued innovation and strategic planning to achieve safe drinking water for all.

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